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Background: Different diagnostic tools are available to evaluate endometrial lesion such as hysteroscopy, sonohysterography and transvaginal ultrasound. The present study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of saline infusion sonohystrography (SIS) in diagnosis of intrauterine lesions in women with postmenopausal bleeding (PMB).Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 100 married women with chief complain of PMB referred to gynecologic clinics at the Zenana hospital, Jaipur from March 2019 to February 2020. All participants were in the post-menopausal period that showed abnormal endometrial thickness (>4 mm) or endometrial focal lesions through transvaginal ultrasound. Participants underwent SIS, hysteroscopy plus endometrial biopsy in order. The gold standard was the histopathology of endometrial specimen reported by pathologist.Results: Mean age of women was 57.14 years. It is evident that sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of SIS for the diagnosis of endometrial atrophy was 79.16%, 100%, 100% and 83.87% respectively which is higher than that of hysteroscopy and equivalent to histopathology. SIS and hysteroscopy are equally efficient in diagnosing endometrial polyp and submucous fibroid. And are better than histopathology. Histopathology is better than SIS and hysteroscopy for the diagnosis of endometrial proliferation.Conclusions: Findings show that, SIS probably is a proper method for detecting endometrial focal lesion including polyps and myomas. Future studies may help to define further advantages of this procedure.
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Background: Non communicable diseases (NCDs) represent a cluster of major chronic diseases. Smoking habit, alcoholism, low quality diet intakes, physical inactivity are some of the established risk factors of the NCDs. In developing country like India the problem of lifestyle and its consequent diseases needs to be addressed vigorously by all public health care personnel. Objective of the study was to assess prevalence of modifiable risk factors using the WHO STEPS approach in urban slum.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in the field practice area of urban health training centre of the department of community medicine of PCMS and RC, Bhopal using questionnaire.Results: Highest prevalence of modifiable risk factor was inadequate diet (85.2%), followed by smokeless tobacco consumption (59.1%) and low physical activity (46.1%). Tobacco smoking (31.9%) and alcohol (22.6%) were next, followed by high blood pressure (20.1%). Prevalence of least risk factors was overweight (13.9%).Conclusions: It can be concluded from our study that the burden of risk factors for NCDs is quite high. Its prevalence even in the younger age groups is a pointer to the fact that the burden of NCDs is going to rise in near future.
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Objective: The large flowering plant genus Callistemon is belongs to family Myrtaceae and reported for its medical importance. Various parts of different species exhibit different medicinal importance and yet to be phytochemically investigated. In the different time various scientist have investigated the genus and reported the chemical constituents. A survey of literature on genus Callistemon reported the isolation of triterpenoids and steroids from leaves, seeds and stem bark of different species.
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OBJECTIVE: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a range of non progressive syndromes of posture and motor impairment due to an insult to developing brain. Spasticity and incoordination are major causes of disability in these children which can be managed by different modalities like casting, botulinum toxin, surgery etc. Cast application in spastic equinus is a well established procedure in CP but cast application in patients of CP with bilateral involvement of hip, knee and ankle is not document. METHODS: A study was conducted on 22 children of spastic CP in age range of 3-8 years with bilateral involvement of hip, knee and ankle in 20 cases, hip and ankle in one case and only ankle in one case. Sixty eight % children were spastic diplegics. Serial weekly cast with (11 cases) or without abductor bar (11 cases) was applied for four weeks. They were followed up variably with an average period of 7 months. RESULTS: Significant improvement was noticed in range of motion around hip, knee and ankle which as maintained over hip and knee after average follow up. Spasticity was also reduced as measured by Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). This ultimately improved the ambulatory status and functional ability of these children. CONCLUSION: Thus serial casting is a very simple, safe and cost effective procedure which can be applied even in children with mental sub normality having all three major joints involved bilaterally.